In our last post of the series #lci-series, we ran a container using chroot and a complete filesystem. We managed to isolate ls and bash within our container-intro directory. However, ps aux lists all the processes on the host environment because we didn't implement namespace isolation. This article will focus on namespaces. Why they exist and how to implement them in our container.
Working Without Namespaces
We'll start by demonstrating the perils of using chroot without namespaces. If you don't have it running already, fire up the container from Linux Containers Intro: Chroot Again and mount the proc filesystem.
$ sudo chroot ubuntufs
# once you're in the container, mount proc with the next command
$ mount -t proc proc /proc
Let's start a foreground process on your host environment.
# run this on the host
# you can tail any of the log files in /var
# there's nothing special with bootstrap.log :)
tail -f /var/log/bootstrap.log
Run ps aux on your container.
root@container:/# ps aux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 2276 1536 ? Sl 08:38 0:00 /init
root 4 0.0 0.0 2276 4 ? Sl 08:38 0:00 plan9 --control-socket 5 --log-level
root 7 0.0 0.0 2280 104 ? Ss 08:38 0:00 /init
root 8 0.0 0.0 2296 108 ? R 08:38 0:00 /init
1000 9 0.0 0.0 6340 5280 ? Ss 08:38 0:00 -bash
root 47 0.0 0.0 2280 104 ? Ss 08:47 0:00 /init
root 48 0.0 0.0 2296 108 ? S 08:47 0:00 /init
1000 49 0.0 0.0 6340 5392 ? Ss 08:47 0:00 -bash
root 13975 0.0 0.0 8920 5340 ? R+ 08:58 0:00 sudo chroot ubuntufs
root 13976 0.0 0.0 8920 884 ? Ss 08:58 0:00 sudo chroot ubuntufs
root 13977 0.0 0.0 5040 4048 ? S 08:58 0:00 /bin/bash -i
1000 14184 0.0 0.0 3236 1100 ? S+ 12:33 0:00 tail -f /var/log/bootstrap.log
root 14185 0.0 0.0 7784 3396 ? R+ 12:37 0:00 ps aux
As we saw in the last post, this command lists all the processes in the host environment. One of these processes is the foreground process we started on the host system. In my example, the process has a PID of 14184. Let's kill this process from the container.
# run this from the container
kill 14184
What happens next? The tail process in the host environment gets terminated! Are you scared yet? There's more. Let's check the hostname on your host environment:
# run this command on your host
ishuah@h0st-5ys:~$ hostname
h0st-5ys
Running the same command in your container will yield the same hostname. Let's change the hostname in the container.
# run these commands in your container
root@container:/# hostname
h0st-5ys
root@container:/# hostname newh0stname
root@container:/# hostname
newh0stname
We've successfully changed the hostname in the container to newh0stname. Now check the hostname on the host system.
# run this command on your host
ishuah@h0st-5ys:~$ hostname
newh0stname
What happened? Changing the hostname on the container affected the host env - they share the same hostname!
# run this in the container and the host
# the namespace ids are the same in both envs
# i.e 'ipc:[4026532271]' -> 'namespace:[id]'
$ ls -l /proc/$$/ns
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 16:37 cgroup -> 'cgroup:[4026531835]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 16:37 ipc -> 'ipc:[4026532271]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 16:37 mnt -> 'mnt:[4026532282]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 16:37 net -> 'net:[4026531840]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 16:37 pid -> 'pid:[4026532284]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 16:37 pid_for_children -> 'pid:[4026532284]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 16:37 user -> 'user:[4026531837]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 16:37 uts -> 'uts:[4026532283]'
Namespaces are a Linux kernel feature that partitions kernel resources to create isolated environments within a Linux system. You can read more about namespaces here.
The host env and the container share namespaces. That's why you can see the host's PIDs (pid namespace) and change the hostname (uts namespace) from the container.
Implementing Namespaces with unshare
Close your container and create a new one with the following command:
sudo unshare --mount --uts --ipc --net --pid --user --fork --map-root-user chroot ubuntufs
Unshare is a Linux utility package that allows you to run a program with some namespaces 'unshared' from its parent. The command above creates a container similar to previous runs, except now we have isolated namespaces. The --mount --uts --ipc --net --pid --user flags instruct unshare to execute chroot in new namespaces, see summary details below from the Linux docs. I didn't include the cgroup namespace here - we'll go through it in the next installment of this series.
Let's check the namespaces in both environments.
# on the host
ls -l /proc/$$/ns
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 17:06 cgroup -> 'cgroup:[4026531835]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 17:06 ipc -> 'ipc:[4026532271]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 17:06 mnt -> 'mnt:[4026532282]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 17:06 net -> 'net:[4026531840]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 17:06 pid -> 'pid:[4026532284]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 17:06 pid_for_children -> 'pid:[4026532284]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 17:06 user -> 'user:[4026531837]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ishuah ishuah 0 Feb 22 17:06 uts -> 'uts:[4026532283]'
# on the container
# mount the proc filesystem first
mount -t proc proc /proc
# then check the namespaces
ls -l /proc/$$/ns
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Feb 22 14:05 cgroup -> 'cgroup:[4026531835]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Feb 22 14:05 ipc -> 'ipc:[4026532328]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Feb 22 14:05 mnt -> 'mnt:[4026532326]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Feb 22 14:05 net -> 'net:[4026532330]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Feb 22 14:05 pid -> 'pid:[4026532329]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Feb 22 14:05 pid_for_children -> 'pid:[4026532329]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Feb 22 14:05 user -> 'user:[4026532325]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Feb 22 14:05 uts -> 'uts:[4026532327]'
The two environments don't share namespaces anymore! (Except for cgroup, we'll get into that later).
Running the ps and hostname demos will now yield different results.
On the container, px aux now only lists processes within that environment.
ps aux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 5040 3820 ? S 16:17 0:00 /bin/bash -i
root 11 0.0 0.0 7476 3092 ? R+ 16:19 0:00 ps aux
Try running our hostname demo:
# run these commands in the chroot's env
root@container:/# hostname newh0stname
root@container:/# hostname
newh0stname
Then check the host env hostname:
# run this command on your host
ishuah@h0st-5ys:~$ hostname
h0st-5ys
Hostname changes on the container are limited to that environment. The host is not affected.
We've created a namespaced container - Which means we have namespace isolation for the processes running in the container.
Next Episode: Spoiler Alert
The isolated environments still have access to all physical resources on your computer. That means your namespaced container can hog all the available RAM and CPU cycles with reckless abandon. In the next episode, we'll use cgroups to isolate resource usage for a group of tasks.
Thanks for reading this far. As culture dictates, here is a small gift for you! 😀